tool_lib.c

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/*************************************************************************\
* Copyright (c) 2009 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie.
* Copyright (c) 2002 The University of Chicago, as Operator of Argonne
*     National Laboratory.
* Copyright (c) 2002 The Regents of the University of California, as
*     Operator of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
* Copyright (c) 2002 Berliner Elektronenspeicherringgesellschaft fuer
*     Synchrotronstrahlung.
* EPICS BASE is distributed subject to a Software License Agreement found
* in file LICENSE that is included with this distribution.
\*************************************************************************/

/*
 *  Author: Ralph Lange (BESSY)
 *
 *  Modification History
 *  2009/03/31 Larry Hoff (BNL)
 *     Added field separators
 *  2009/04/01 Ralph Lange (HZB/BESSY)
 *     Added support for long strings (array of char) and quoting of nonprintable characters
 *
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <alarm.h>
#include <epicsTime.h>
#include <epicsString.h>
#include <cadef.h>

#include "tool_lib.h"

/* Time stamps for program start, first incoming monitor,
   previous value (client and server stamp):
   used for relative resp. incremental timestamps with monitors */
static epicsTimeStamp tsStart, tsFirst, tsPreviousC, tsPreviousS;

static int tsInitS = 0;              /* Flag: Server timestamps init'd */
static int tsInitC = 0;              /* Flag: Client timestamps init'd */

TimeT tsType = absolute;             /* Timestamp type flag (-t option) */
int tsSrcServer = 1;                 /* Timestamp source flag (-t option) */
int tsSrcClient = 0;                 /* Timestamp source flag (-t option) */
IntFormatT outTypeI = dec;           /* For -0.. output format option */
IntFormatT outTypeF = dec;           /* For -l.. output format option */

char dblFormatStr[30] = "%g"; /* Format string to print doubles (-efg options) */
char timeFormatStr[30] = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%06f"; /* Time format string */
char fieldSeparator = ' ';          /* OFS default is whitespace */

int enumAsNr = 0;        /* used for -n option - get DBF_ENUM as number */
int charArrAsStr = 0;    /* used for -S option - treat char array as (long) string */
double caTimeout = 1.0;  /* wait time default (see -w option) */
capri caPriority = DEFAULT_CA_PRIORITY;  /* CA Priority */

#define TIMETEXTLEN 28          /* Length of timestamp text buffer */



static void sprint_long (char *ret, dbr_long_t val, IntFormatT outType)
{
    if (outType == bin && val != 0) {
        /* sprintf doesn't do binary; this code doesn't handle 0 */
        int i, skip = -1;

        for (i = 31; i >= 0; i--) {
            int bit = (val >> i) & 1;

            if (skip < 0 && bit) {
                skip = 31 - i;          /* skip leading 0's */
                ret[i+1] = '\0';
            }
            if (skip >= 0) {
                ret[31-i-skip] = '0' + bit;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        const char *fmt[4] = { /* Order must match the enum IntFormatT */
            "%d"   /* dec */,
            "0"    /* bin and val is 0 */,
            "0o%o" /* oct */,
            "0x%X" /* hex */
        };

        /* dbr_long_t is actually an int on all supported platforms */
        sprintf(ret, fmt[outType], (int) val);
    }
}



/*+**************************************************************************
 *
 * Function:    val2str
 *
 * Description: Print (convert) value to a string
 *
 * Arg(s) In:   v      -  Pointer to dbr_... structure
 *              type   -  Numeric dbr type
 *              index  -  Index of element to print (for arrays)
 *
 * Return(s):   Pointer to static output string
 *
 **************************************************************************-*/

char *val2str (const void *v, unsigned type, int index)
{
#define STR 500
    static char str[STR];
    char ch;
    void *val_ptr;
    unsigned base_type;
    dbr_long_t val_long;

    if (!dbr_type_is_valid(type)) {
        strcpy (str, "*** invalid type");
        return str;
    }
    strcpy (str, "!!!");

    base_type = type % (LAST_TYPE+1);

    if (type == DBR_STSACK_STRING || type == DBR_CLASS_NAME)
        base_type = DBR_STRING;

    val_ptr = dbr_value_ptr(v, type);

    switch (base_type) {
    case DBR_STRING:
        epicsStrnEscapedFromRaw(str, STR, ((dbr_string_t*) val_ptr)[index], strlen(((dbr_string_t*) val_ptr)[index]));
        break;
    case DBR_FLOAT:
        if (outTypeF == dec) {
          sprintf(str, dblFormatStr, ((dbr_float_t*) val_ptr)[index]);
        } else {
          if (((dbr_float_t*) val_ptr)[index] > 0.0)
            val_long = ((dbr_float_t*) val_ptr)[index] + 0.5;
          else
            val_long = ((dbr_float_t*) val_ptr)[index] - 0.5;
          sprint_long(str, val_long, outTypeF);
        }
        break;
    case DBR_DOUBLE:
        if (outTypeF == dec) {
          sprintf(str, dblFormatStr, ((dbr_double_t*) val_ptr)[index]);
        } else {
          if (((dbr_double_t*) val_ptr)[index] > 0.0)
            val_long = ((dbr_double_t*) val_ptr)[index] + 0.5;
          else
            val_long = ((dbr_double_t*) val_ptr)[index] - 0.5;
          sprint_long(str, val_long, outTypeF);
        }
        break;
    case DBR_CHAR:
        ch = ((dbr_char_t*) val_ptr)[index];
        sprintf(str, "%d", ch);
        break;
    case DBR_INT:
        sprint_long(str, ((dbr_int_t*) val_ptr)[index], outTypeI);
        break;
    case DBR_LONG:
        sprint_long(str, ((dbr_long_t*) val_ptr)[index], outTypeI);
        break;
    case DBR_ENUM:
        {
            dbr_enum_t *val = (dbr_enum_t *)val_ptr;
            if (dbr_type_is_GR(type) && !enumAsNr) {
                if (val[index] >= MAX_ENUM_STATES)
                    sprintf(str, "Illegal Value (%d)", val[index]);
                else if (val[index] >= ((struct dbr_gr_enum *)v)->no_str)
                    sprintf(str, "Enum Index Overflow (%d)", val[index]);
                else
                    sprintf(str, "%s", ((struct dbr_gr_enum *)v)->strs[val[index]]);
            } else if (dbr_type_is_CTRL(type) && !enumAsNr) {
                if (val[index] >= MAX_ENUM_STATES)
                    sprintf(str, "Illegal Value (%d)", val[index]);
                else if (val[index] >= ((struct dbr_ctrl_enum *)v)->no_str)
                    sprintf(str, "Enum Index Overflow (%d)", val[index]);
                else
                    sprintf(str, "%s", ((struct dbr_ctrl_enum *)v)->strs[val[index]]);
            } else
                sprintf(str, "%d", val[index]);
        }
    }
    return str;
}



/*+**************************************************************************
 *
 * Function:    dbr2str
 *
 * Description: Print (convert) additional information contained in dbr_...
 *
 * Arg(s) In:   value  -  Pointer to dbr_... structure
 *              type   -  Numeric dbr type
 *
 * Return(s):   Pointer to static output string
 *
 **************************************************************************-*/

/* Definitions for sprintf format strings and matching argument lists */

#define FMT_TIME                                \
    "    Timestamp:        %s"

#define ARGS_TIME(T)                            \
    timeText

#define FMT_STS                                 \
    "    Status:           %s\n"                \
    "    Severity:         %s"

#define ARGS_STS(T)                             \
    stat_to_str(((struct T *)value)->status),   \
    sevr_to_str(((struct T *)value)->severity)

#define ARGS_STS_UNSIGNED(T)                    \
    stat_to_str_unsigned(((struct T *)value)->status),  \
    sevr_to_str_unsigned(((struct T *)value)->severity)

#define FMT_ACK                                 \
    "    Ack transient?:   %s\n"                \
    "    Ack severity:     %s"

#define ARGS_ACK(T)                             \
    ((struct T *)value)->ackt ? "YES" : "NO",   \
    sevr_to_str_unsigned(((struct T *)value)->acks)

#define FMT_UNITS                               \
    "    Units:            %s"

#define ARGS_UNITS(T)                           \
    ((struct T *)value)->units

#define FMT_PREC                                \
    "    Precision:        %d"

#define ARGS_PREC(T)                            \
    ((struct T *)value)->precision

#define FMT_GR(FMT)                             \
    "    Lo disp limit:    " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Hi disp limit:    " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Lo alarm limit:   " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Lo warn limit:    " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Hi warn limit:    " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Hi alarm limit:   " #FMT

#define ARGS_GR(T,F)                            \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->lower_disp_limit,   \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->upper_disp_limit,   \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->lower_alarm_limit,  \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->lower_warning_limit, \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->upper_warning_limit, \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->upper_alarm_limit

#define FMT_CTRL(FMT)                           \
    "    Lo ctrl limit:    " #FMT "\n"          \
    "    Hi ctrl limit:    " #FMT

#define ARGS_CTRL(T,F)                          \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->lower_ctrl_limit,   \
    (F)((struct T *)value)->upper_ctrl_limit


/* Definitions for the actual sprintf calls */

#define PRN_DBR_STS(T)                          \
    sprintf(str,                                \
            FMT_STS,                            \
            ARGS_STS(T))

#define PRN_DBR_TIME(T)                                         \
    epicsTimeToStrftime(timeText, TIMETEXTLEN, timeFormatStr,   \
                        &(((struct T *)value)->stamp));         \
    sprintf(str,                                                \
            FMT_TIME "\n" FMT_STS,                              \
            ARGS_TIME(T), ARGS_STS(T))

#define PRN_DBR_GR(T,F,FMT)                             \
    sprintf(str,                                        \
            FMT_STS "\n" FMT_UNITS "\n" FMT_GR(FMT),    \
            ARGS_STS(T), ARGS_UNITS(T), ARGS_GR(T,F))

#define PRN_DBR_GR_PREC(T,F,FMT)                                        \
    sprintf(str,                                                        \
            FMT_STS "\n" FMT_UNITS "\n" FMT_PREC "\n" FMT_GR(FMT),      \
            ARGS_STS(T), ARGS_UNITS(T), ARGS_PREC(T), ARGS_GR(T,F))

#define PRN_DBR_CTRL(T,F,FMT)                                                   \
    sprintf(str,                                                                \
            FMT_STS "\n" FMT_UNITS "\n" FMT_GR(FMT) "\n" FMT_CTRL(FMT),         \
            ARGS_STS(T), ARGS_UNITS(T), ARGS_GR(T,F),    ARGS_CTRL(T,F))

#define PRN_DBR_CTRL_PREC(T,F,FMT)                                                      \
    sprintf(str,                                                                        \
            FMT_STS "\n" FMT_UNITS "\n" FMT_PREC "\n" FMT_GR(FMT) "\n" FMT_CTRL(FMT),   \
            ARGS_STS(T), ARGS_UNITS(T), ARGS_PREC(T), ARGS_GR(T,F),    ARGS_CTRL(T,F))

#define PRN_DBR_STSACK(T)                       \
    sprintf(str,                                \
            FMT_STS "\n" FMT_ACK,               \
            ARGS_STS_UNSIGNED(T), ARGS_ACK(T))

#define PRN_DBR_X_ENUM(T)                               \
    n = ((struct T *)value)->no_str;                    \
    PRN_DBR_STS(T);                                     \
    sprintf(str+strlen(str),                            \
                "\n    Enums:            (%2d)", n);    \
    for (i=0; i<n; i++)                                 \
        sprintf(str+strlen(str),                        \
                "\n                      [%2d] %s", i,  \
                ((struct T *)value)->strs[i]);


/* Make a good guess how long the dbr_... stuff might get as worst case */
#define DBR_PRINT_BUFFER_SIZE                                           \
      50                        /* timestamp */                         \
    + 2 * 30                    /* status / Severity */                 \
    + 2 * 30                    /* acks / ackt */                       \
    + 20 + MAX_UNITS_SIZE       /* units */                             \
    + 30                        /* precision */                         \
    + 6 * 45                    /* graphic limits */                    \
    + 2 * 45                    /* control limits */                    \
    + 30 + (MAX_ENUM_STATES * (20 + MAX_ENUM_STRING_SIZE)) /* enums */  \
    + 50                        /* just to be sure */

char *dbr2str (const void *value, unsigned type)
{
    static char str[DBR_PRINT_BUFFER_SIZE];
    char timeText[TIMETEXTLEN];
    int n, i;

    switch (type) {
    case DBR_STRING:   /* no additional information for basic data types */
    case DBR_INT:
    case DBR_FLOAT:
    case DBR_ENUM:
    case DBR_CHAR:
    case DBR_LONG:
    case DBR_DOUBLE: break;

    case DBR_CTRL_STRING:       /* see db_access.h: not implemented */
    case DBR_GR_STRING:         /* see db_access.h: not implemented */
    case DBR_STS_STRING:  PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_string); break;
    case DBR_STS_SHORT:   PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_short); break;
    case DBR_STS_FLOAT:   PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_float); break;
    case DBR_STS_ENUM:    PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_enum); break;
    case DBR_STS_CHAR:    PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_char); break;
    case DBR_STS_LONG:    PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_long); break;
    case DBR_STS_DOUBLE:  PRN_DBR_STS(dbr_sts_double); break;

    case DBR_TIME_STRING: PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_string); break;
    case DBR_TIME_SHORT:  PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_short); break;
    case DBR_TIME_FLOAT:  PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_float); break;
    case DBR_TIME_ENUM:   PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_enum); break;
    case DBR_TIME_CHAR:   PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_char); break;
    case DBR_TIME_LONG:   PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_long); break;
    case DBR_TIME_DOUBLE: PRN_DBR_TIME(dbr_time_double); break;

    case DBR_GR_CHAR:
        PRN_DBR_GR(dbr_gr_char, char, %8d); break;
    case DBR_GR_INT:
        PRN_DBR_GR(dbr_gr_int,  int,  %8d); break;
    case DBR_GR_LONG:
        PRN_DBR_GR(dbr_gr_long, long int, %8ld); break;
    case DBR_GR_FLOAT:
        PRN_DBR_GR_PREC(dbr_gr_float,  float, %g); break;
    case DBR_GR_DOUBLE:
        PRN_DBR_GR_PREC(dbr_gr_double, double, %g); break;
    case DBR_GR_ENUM:
        PRN_DBR_X_ENUM(dbr_gr_enum); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_CHAR:
        PRN_DBR_CTRL(dbr_ctrl_char,   char,     %8d); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_INT:
        PRN_DBR_CTRL(dbr_ctrl_int,    int,      %8d); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_LONG:
        PRN_DBR_CTRL(dbr_ctrl_long,   long int, %8ld); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_FLOAT:
        PRN_DBR_CTRL_PREC(dbr_ctrl_float,  float,  %g); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_DOUBLE:
        PRN_DBR_CTRL_PREC(dbr_ctrl_double, double, %g); break;
    case DBR_CTRL_ENUM:
        PRN_DBR_X_ENUM(dbr_ctrl_enum); break;
    case DBR_STSACK_STRING:
        PRN_DBR_STSACK(dbr_stsack_string); break;
    default : strcpy (str, "can't print data type");
    }
    return str;
}



/*+**************************************************************************
 *
 * Function:    print_time_val_sts
 *
 * Description: Print (to stdout) one wide output line
 *              (name, timestamp, value, status, severity)
 *
 * Arg(s) In:   pv      -  Pointer to pv structure
 *              nElems  -  Number of elements (array)
 *
 **************************************************************************-*/

#define PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(TYPE,TYPE_ENUM)                                \
    printAbs = !pv->firstStampPrinted;                                  \
                                                                        \
    ptsNewS = &((struct TYPE *)value)->stamp;                           \
    ptsNewC = &tsNow;                                                   \
                                                                        \
    if (!tsInitS)                                                       \
    {                                                                   \
        tsFirst = *ptsNewS;                                             \
        tsInitS = 1;                                                    \
    }                                                                   \
                                                                        \
    switch (tsType) {                                                   \
    case relative:                                                      \
        ptsRefC = &tsStart;                                             \
        ptsRefS = &tsFirst;                                             \
        break;                                                          \
    case incremental:                                                   \
        ptsRefC = &tsPreviousC;                                         \
        ptsRefS = &tsPreviousS;                                         \
        break;                                                          \
    case incrementalByChan:                                             \
        ptsRefC = &pv->tsPreviousC;                                     \
        ptsRefS = &pv->tsPreviousS;                                     \
        break;                                                          \
    default :                                                           \
        printAbs = 1;                                                   \
    }                                                                   \
                                                                        \
    if (printAbs) {                                                     \
        if (tsSrcServer) {                                              \
            epicsTimeToStrftime(timeText, TIMETEXTLEN, timeFormatStr, ptsNewS); \
            printf("%s", timeText);                                     \
        }                                                               \
        if (tsSrcClient) {                                              \
            epicsTimeToStrftime(timeText, TIMETEXTLEN, timeFormatStr, ptsNewC); \
            printf("(%s)", timeText);                                   \
        }                                                               \
        pv->firstStampPrinted = 1;                                      \
    } else {                                                            \
        if (tsSrcServer) {                                              \
            printf("              %+12.6f", epicsTimeDiffInSeconds(ptsNewS, ptsRefS) ); \
        }                                                               \
        if (tsSrcClient) {                                              \
            printf("              (%+12.6f)", epicsTimeDiffInSeconds(ptsNewC, ptsRefC) ); \
        }                                                               \
    }                                                                   \
                                                                        \
    if (tsType == incrementalByChan) {                                  \
        pv->tsPreviousC = *ptsNewC;                                     \
        pv->tsPreviousS = *ptsNewS;                                     \
    }                                                                   \
                                                                        \
    tsPreviousC = *ptsNewC;                                             \
    tsPreviousS = *ptsNewS;                                             \
                                                                        \
    if (charArrAsStr && dbr_type_is_CHAR(TYPE_ENUM) && (reqElems || pv->nElems > 1)) { \
        dbr_char_t *s = (dbr_char_t*) dbr_value_ptr(pv->value, pv->dbrType); \
        size_t len = strlen((char*)s);                                  \
        unsigned long elems = reqElems && (reqElems < pv->nElems) ? reqElems : pv->nElems; \
        int dlen;                                                       \
        char *d;                                                        \
        if (len < elems) elems = len;                                   \
        dlen = epicsStrnEscapedFromRawSize((char*)s, elems);            \
        d = calloc(dlen+1, sizeof(char));                               \
        if(d) {                                                         \
            epicsStrnEscapedFromRaw(d, dlen+1, (char*)s, elems);        \
            printf("%c%s", fieldSeparator, d);                          \
            free(d);                                                    \
        } else {                                                        \
            printf("Failed to allocate for print_time_val_sts\n");      \
        }                                                               \
    } else {                                                            \
        if (reqElems || pv->nElems > 1) printf("%c%lu", fieldSeparator, pv->nElems); \
        for (i=0; i<pv->nElems; ++i) {                                \
            printf("%c%s", fieldSeparator, val2str(value, TYPE_ENUM, i)); \
        }                                                               \
    }                                                                   \
                             /* Print Status, Severity - if not NO_ALARM */ \
    if ( ((struct TYPE *)value)->status || ((struct TYPE *)value)->severity ) \
    {                                                                   \
        printf("%c%s%c%s\n",                                            \
               fieldSeparator,                                          \
               stat_to_str(((struct TYPE *)value)->status),             \
               fieldSeparator,                                          \
               sevr_to_str(((struct TYPE *)value)->severity));          \
    } else {                                                            \
        printf("%c%c\n",                                                \
               fieldSeparator, fieldSeparator);                         \
    }


void print_time_val_sts (pv* pv, unsigned long reqElems)
{
    char timeText[2*TIMETEXTLEN+2];
    int i, printAbs;
    void* value = pv->value;
    epicsTimeStamp *ptsRefC, *ptsRefS;  /* Reference timestamps (client, server) */
    epicsTimeStamp *ptsNewC, *ptsNewS;  /* Update timestamps (client, server) */
    epicsTimeStamp tsNow;

    epicsTimeGetCurrent(&tsNow);
    epicsTimeToStrftime(timeText, TIMETEXTLEN, timeFormatStr, &tsNow);

    if (pv->nElems <= 1 && fieldSeparator == ' ') printf("%-30s", pv->name);
    else                                            printf("%s", pv->name);
    printf("%c", fieldSeparator);
    if (!pv->onceConnected)
        printf("*** Not connected (PV not found)\n");
    else if (pv->status == ECA_DISCONN)
        printf("%s *** disconnected\n", timeText);
    else if (pv->status == ECA_NORDACCESS)
        printf("%s *** no read access\n", timeText);
    else if (pv->status != ECA_NORMAL)
        printf("%s *** CA error %s\n", timeText, ca_message(pv->status));
    else if (pv->value == 0)
        printf("%s *** no data available (timeout)\n", timeText);
    else
        switch (pv->dbrType) {
        case DBR_TIME_STRING:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_string, DBR_TIME_STRING);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_SHORT:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_short, DBR_TIME_SHORT);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_FLOAT:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_float, DBR_TIME_FLOAT);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_ENUM:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_enum, DBR_TIME_ENUM);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_CHAR:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_char, DBR_TIME_CHAR);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_LONG:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_long, DBR_TIME_LONG);
            break;
        case DBR_TIME_DOUBLE:
            PRN_TIME_VAL_STS(dbr_time_double, DBR_TIME_DOUBLE);
            break;
        default: printf("can't print data type\n");
        }
}


/*+**************************************************************************
 *
 * Function:    create_pvs
 *
 * Description: Creates an arbitrary number of PVs
 *
 * Arg(s) In:   pvs   -  Pointer to an array of pv structures
 *              nPvs  -  Number of elements in the pvs array
 *              pCB   -  Connection state change callback
 *
 * Arg(s) Out:  none
 *
 * Return(s):   Error code:
 *                  0  -  All PVs created
 *                  1  -  Some PV(s) not created
 *
 **************************************************************************-*/

int create_pvs (pv* pvs, int nPvs, caCh *pCB)
{
    int n;
    int result;
    int returncode = 0;

    if (!tsInitC)                /* Initialize start timestamp */
    {
        epicsTimeGetCurrent(&tsStart);
        tsInitC = 1;
    }
                                 /* Issue channel connections */
    for (n = 0; n < nPvs; n++) {
        result = ca_create_channel (pvs[n].name,
                                    pCB,
                                    &pvs[n],
                                    caPriority,
                                    &pvs[n].chid);
        if (result != ECA_NORMAL) {
            fprintf(stderr, "CA error %s occurred while trying "
                    "to create channel '%s'.\n", ca_message(result), pvs[n].name);
            pvs[n].status = result;
            returncode = 1;
        }
    }

    return returncode;
}


/*+**************************************************************************
 *
 * Function:    connect_pvs
 *
 * Description: Connects an arbitrary number of PVs
 *
 * Arg(s) In:   pvs   -  Pointer to an array of pv structures
 *              nPvs  -  Number of elements in the pvs array
 *
 * Arg(s) Out:  none
 *
 * Return(s):   Error code:
 *                  0  -  All PVs connected
 *                  1  -  Some PV(s) not connected
 *
 **************************************************************************-*/

int connect_pvs (pv* pvs, int nPvs)
{
    int returncode = create_pvs ( pvs, nPvs, 0);
    if ( returncode == 0 ) {
                            /* Wait for channels to connect */
        int result = ca_pend_io (caTimeout);
        if (result == ECA_TIMEOUT)
        {
            if (nPvs > 1)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "Channel connect timed out: some PV(s) not found.\n");
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "Channel connect timed out: '%s' not found.\n",
                        pvs[0].name);
            }
            returncode = 1;
        }
    }
    return returncode;
}